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     2026:2/3

International Journal of Biological and Biomedical Research

ISSN: (Print) | 3107-7137 (Online) | Impact Factor: 7.04 | Open Access

Green and White Analytical Chemistry in Spectrophotometric Pharmaceutical Analysis: Assessment Tools, Chemometrics, and Recent Developments: A Review

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Abstract

Shifting sustainable practices in consumer demand parallel the introduction of eco-friendly and performance-based practices in analytical chemistry with White (WAC) and Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC). The purpose of this paper is to detail the advancements in pharmaceuticals quality control using UV-Vis spectrophotometry from GAC to WAC. The metrics of NEMI, Analytical Eco-Scale, GAPI/MoGAPI, AGREE, RGB/RGB12, and BAGI will be reviewed regarding their concepts, advantages, and disadvantages. PLS, PCR, MCR-ALS, and derivative spectrophotometry will be discussed as chemometric methods for multicomponent pharmaceutical analysis, as well as recent advancements in chemometric processes incorporating AI and ML. A review of the literature from 2019 to 2025 in Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed yielded 777 publications, of which 37 met all criteria for inclusion. PLS-based chemometric models were the most prominent (~42%), followed by PCR (~21%), AI-based techniques (SVR, ANN, MCR-ALS) (~15%), indicative of promising growth. The mean RGB12 whiteness score was 84/100, with 52% of studies scored between 80-90. AGREE scores of >0.70 were consistently met with the use of aqueous and/or low-toxicity solvent methods. It is clear from the review that GAC/WAC metrics related to chemometric advances can provide robust, cost-effective, and reliable eco-analytical methods for routine pharmaceutical quality control.

How to Cite This Article

Fayhaa Hassan Ali Ahmad, Thura Z Al-Sarraj (2026). Green and White Analytical Chemistry in Spectrophotometric Pharmaceutical Analysis: Assessment Tools, Chemometrics, and Recent Developments: A Review . International Journal of Biological and Biomedical Research (IJBBMR), 2(3), 01-07. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54660/IJBBR.2026.2.3.01-07

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